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Shipwrecks as Artificial Reefs: Ecological Roles and Impacts

Published: October 3, 2024 - 08:10
Updated: October 3, 2024 - 13:32
Shipwrecks as Artificial Reefs: Ecological Roles and Impacts
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The intentional submersion of human-made objects on the ocean floor to create artificial reefs is not a recent practice. Artificial reefs are deployed to encourage the growth of marine species and enhance biodiversity.

However, shipwrecks—though often resulting from tragic incidents—also serve as artificial reefs, playing a unique and vital role in marine ecosystems. Did you know that approximately three million shipwrecks lie scattered across the ocean floor, many of them thriving with marine life?

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Ecological Role of Shipwrecks

Shipwrecks, though unplanned, can function like natural reefs with distinct characteristics. When a ship sinks, it undergoes a process known as ecological succession,  where different species colonize the wreck over time. The first ones to colonize are microorganisms, including bacteria and microalgae. Despite their small size, they play crucial roles in marine environments. They are important for nutrient recycling (so decomposing and breaking down organic matter), photosynthesis and oxygen production (by photosynthesis converting carbon dioxide into organic matter and releasing oxygen) and carbon sequestration (and thus mitigating climate change. As the wreck ages, other organisms like invertebrates (e.g., barnacles, sponges) and fish establish themselves, eventually forming complex communities. The material of the ship, such as wood or metal, and the environmental conditions of the wreck site, influence the specific  organisms that settle and grow. 

artificial reefs
Photo: Arkadiusz Srebnik | Rozi Wreck Malta

These shipwrecks act as “stepping stones” for species, allowing them to disperse across regions where natural habitats may be sparse. However, this also means that invasive species may use these wrecks to spread, altering the local biodiversity.

 

Energy Flow and Habitat Creation

Shipwrecks influence the flow of energy in marine ecosystems by giving organisms a place to grow. They connect the ocean floor (benthic zone) with the open water above (pelagic zone). This connection, called benthic-pelagic coupling, lets organisms like barnacles and corals filter food from the water, while leftover debris and nutrients from the wreck feed creatures living on the ocean floor. This helps to increase the overall productivity and diversity of life around the wreck site.

As these ecosystems mature, shipwrecks become rich habitats for diverse species. The structural complexity of a wreck offers shelter and refuge for various marine organisms, from small fish and crustaceans to larger predators and migratory species. Coral and sponges also take root on shipwrecks, fostering reef-like growth and contributing to the overall biodiversity of the region.

artificial reefs
Photo: Bartek Trzcinski | A Grouper fish

Shipwrecks and Marine Research

Lilian Lyle’s pioneering ecological study in 1929, on the German High Seas Fleet wrecks in Scapa Flow, Scotland, marked the first recorded examination of shipwreck ecosystems. Her research highlighted both the similarities and differences between marine communities on wrecks and natural habitats. She identified species like *Rhodymenia palmata*, a type of red algae common on both wrecks and nearby shores, while also discovering species unique to shipwrecks. 

My research on the wrecks and natural reefs in Ċirkewwa Marine Park, Malta, showed that these the Shipwrecks natural reefs have similar taxonomical compositions due to comparable environmental conditions. Despite this, natural reefs exhibited greater diversity, likely due to their more varied habitats. Fish diversity was comparable on both reef types, indicating that Shipwrecks can support fish populations. 

artificial reefs
Photo: Arkadiusz Srebnik | Gun on the P29 wreck

Overall, the study of shipwrecks as artificial reefs is a promising and interesting one for understanding how human-made structures can enhance marine ecosystems. These findings suggest that shipwrecks can play a significant role in boosting marine biodiversity, providing essential habitats for various species, and supporting local fisheries. However, the effectiveness of shipwrecks as artificial reefs can vary based on factors such as location, deployment timing, and depth. By investigating these aspects, we can better harness the advantages of artificial reefs while mitigating any negative effects, leading to more effective conservation strategies. 

Environmental Risks

Despite their ecological benefits, shipwrecks can pose environmental risks. When ships sink, they can damage existing natural habitats such as sand beds, seagrass meadows, and coral reefs. Additionally, wrecks may carry pollutants like oil, heavy metals, and other contaminants that can harm marine life. The introduction of invasive species through shipwrecks further complicates the balance of local ecosystems, potentially displacing native species and altering reef communities.

artificial reefs
Photo: Bartek Trzcinski | Bryozoans (Moss Animals) growing on wreck

Unlike purpose-built artificial reefs, shipwrecks are discrete and often isolated structures. Over time, they degrade and may lose their structural complexity, which can either reduce or alter the habitats they once supported.

As I continue to explore and study these underwater structures, I’m looking forward to unlocking new insights into how human-made features can interact with natural environments. Embracing the dual nature of shipwrecks—celebrating their role in fostering marine life while addressing their potential impacts—can help us better protect and appreciate the ocean.

 

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About author

Francisca Isadora
Isadora is a wildlife manager and conservationist. Her biggest passion is the research on the biological significance of shipwrecks on marine ecosystems. She is driven by curiosity to understand the wonders of nature. Isadora is the Social Media Manager for the Healthy Seas Foundation. As a GUE diver, she is actively involved in multiple diving projects.
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